Effectiveness of the Opening Chapter to Great Expectations Essay

Charles the Tempter ?Great Expectations? was written during the 19th century, published in hebdomadally installments in a magazine. The novel is based around stain, the opportunities he is presented with and the difficulties he has to face. In the first chapter we are introduced to Pip, and Magwitch, an escaped convict. The theme of crime and punishment at present draws us in. Dickens uses a number of techniques to ensure the subscribers continuing interest, such(prenominal) as pathetic fallacy, metaphor, themes, symbolism, and adjectives. When the convict appears, Dickens describes him using powerful word such as ?stung? ?glared? ?growled? ?terror? and ?savage? which immediately grabs the readers attention. Pip is described here as ?the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and theme to cry? which makes the reader feel sympathy and encourages them to read on to find out what happens next. Pathetic fallacy is used in the first chapter as the aired cold gloomy marsh es in which Pip first encounters the convict are perceived as a fearful, sinister place.In chapter 1 we are introduced to Pip, an orphan, and Magwitch, a convict, the two main characters and who the novel is based around. The events are described by Pip, the protagonist, whom we immediately feel sympathy for. Dickens writes ?My fathers family forebode being Pirrip, and my Christian name Philip, my infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip? ? his innocent childish tendencies appeal to the reader and makes them want to read on. As Dickens describes the bleak marshes in which Pip encounters the convict, a sinister, gloomy picture is painted in the readers mind. This is reinforced by the convicts ponderous behavior towards Pip, as he threa... ...oung Pip and uses his power to his advantage when commanding him to do things for him. Pip is left weak and powerless. ?Parents and children?, another theme is shown during the first chapter, when Pip des cribes how his parents and five brothers died and he was brought up by his elder sister. The theme is revisited, concerning Ms Havisham, who adopted Estella when she was a baby and raised her as her own daughter.After recital the first chapter, the reader is left on a cliffhanger, and with unanswered questions. leave behind Pip keep his terrifying meeting with the convict a secret? Will he do what he has ordered him to do? How will their relationship develop? Dickens uses a variety of methods and techniques effectively, the reader is immediately drawn in. The techniques Dickens uses grab the readers attention and encites them to continue reading the rest of the novel.

Do People Who Are Trafficking Human Organs Help Other People? Essay

Do People Who Are Trafficking Human organs Help Other People?(The Guardian, 2012), Denis Campbell and Nicola Davison, says that the unlawful business in gentle variety meat special kidneys has advanced quickly and unexpectedly. The reasons why selling kidneys has advanced quickly is that nowadays some(prenominal) countries have wars so there be many pitiable slew who need money to live a good life. Also, after wars, there be many spew out people that entangle desperation because they woolly their organs in the war and no one donated to them, so they needed to buy organs to hold on alive. Other reason is because people have devil kidneys so when they sell one kidney for important reasons, they wont die. Most countries punish those people who sell their organs that is why in those countries there are many illegal trafficking of human organs, but in some countries trafficking human organs is legal like Iran. People who are trafficking human organs religious service other people to live a good life, also help sick people to feel healthy again and non to die. The desperation of many people needing transplantation surgery and the poverty of many people with healthy organs often results in the trafficking of human organs. Its a trade where the two persons win, because trafficking human organs help many poor people who dont have money to buy food or clothes by selling their organs that they can live without for money to the sick people who need this organ to stay alive. Selling organs can help the sick person to stay alive and give the poor person money to help his family from humiliating life. I read something posted on (ALL THINGS PAKISTAN blog, 2007) about a poor Pakistani guy who holds with his hand a paper with a sign that says Would you buy my kidney please?. I think ... ...can help many people. References on the whole things pakistan blog. In (2007). Retrieved from http//pakistaniat.com/2007/10/17/would-you-like-to-buy-my-kidney-please/Caplan , A. R., & Arp, R. (eds.) (2013). Contemporary debates in bioethics. Hoboken, NJ, USA John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http//books.google.com.kw/books?id=-RsoAAAAQBAJ&dq=how much does the middle man make trafficking organs&source=gbs_navlinks_sDenis, C., & Davison, N. (2012). The guardian. In shanghai Retrieved from http//www.theguardian.com/world/2012/ may/27/kidney-trade-illegal-operations-whoGross, R. (2008). Noblesse oblige blog. In Retrieved from http//noblesseoblige.org/2008/01/12/egyptian-man-sells-wives-kidney-on-black-market/Parry, W. (2012). How poverty, false promises, fuel illegal organ trafficking. In Retrieved from http//www.livescience.com/19237-illegal-kidney-organ-trade.html Do People Who Are Trafficking Human Organs Help Other People? Essay Do People Who Are Trafficking Human Organs Help Other People?(The Guardian, 2012), Denis Campbell and Nicola Davison, says that the unlawful business in human organs special kidneys has advanced quickly and une xpectedly. The reasons why selling kidneys has advanced quickly is that nowadays many countries have wars so there are many poor people who need money to live a good life. Also, after wars, there are many sick people that felt desperation because they lost their organs in the war and no one donated to them, so they needed to buy organs to stay alive. Other reason is because people have two kidneys so when they sell one kidney for important reasons, they wont die. Most countries punish those people who sell their organs that is why in those countries there are many illegal trafficking of human organs, but in some countries trafficking human organs is legal like Iran. People who are trafficking human organs help other people to live a good life, also help sick people to feel healthy again and not to die. The desperation of many people needing transplantation surgery and the poverty of many people with healthy organs often results in the trafficking of human organs. Its a trade where t he two persons win, because trafficking human organs help many poor people who dont have money to buy food or clothes by selling their organs that they can live without for money to the sick people who need this organ to stay alive. Selling organs can help the sick person to stay alive and give the poor person money to help his family from humiliating life. I read something posted on (ALL THINGS PAKISTAN blog, 2007) about a poor Pakistani guy who holds with his hand a paper with a sign that says Would you buy my kidney please?. I think ... ...can help many people. ReferencesAll things pakistan blog. In (2007). Retrieved from http//pakistaniat.com/2007/10/17/would-you-like-to-buy-my-kidney-please/Caplan, A. R., & Arp, R. (eds.) (2013). Contemporary debates in bioethics. Hoboken, NJ, USA John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http//books.google.com.kw/books?id=-RsoAAAAQBAJ&dq=how much does the middle man make trafficking organs&source=gbs_navlinks_sDenis, C., & Davison, N. (2012). The guardian. In Shanghai Retrieved from http//www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/27/kidney-trade-illegal-operations-whoGross, R. (2008). Noblesse oblige blog. In Retrieved from http//noblesseoblige.org/2008/01/12/egyptian-man-sells-wives-kidney-on-black-market/Parry, W. (2012). How poverty, false promises, fuel illegal organ trafficking. In Retrieved from http//www.livescience.com/19237-illegal-kidney-organ-trade.html

An Analysis of Fairy Tales Essay -- Literary Analysis

Sagas about princes and princesses, beauty, magic, and love, fairy tales like Snow White and Cinderella among others defecate become childrens favorite bedtime stories. However, as parents tuck their sons and daughters in, they fail to realize that there is a much more daunting purpose to these stories. American source and poet, Jane Yolen suggests that fairy tales indicate life values. Furthermore, Yolen insists that these tales are thumbprints of history (Yolen 27). Studying fairy tales in depth, she proves that the functions of myths consist of creating a landscape of allusion and enabling us to understand our take and out culture from inside out (Yolen 18). Yolen confirms that these stories comment on, the abstract truths of our common human existence (Yolen 18). To Yolen, fairy tales inform the audience about significant themes and historical events. Jack Zipes, a retired professor, has lectured on the subject of fairy tales and folklore for many years. Zipes maintains that fairy tales are far from harmless and play a much larger agency in society. In fact, he concludes that the creative purpose and major themes of the folk tales did not concern harmony but the depictions of changing social structures (Zipes). Moreover, he insists that top executive makes right as the ideas in a particular fairy tale usually display the beliefs of the dominating class (Zipes). According to Zipes, central to most tales is the theory of power (Zipes). Furthermore, Zipes argues that fairy tales frequently present elitist and sexist views. Zipes argues that fairy tales reflect the views of the dominating class, often mocking the minorities of a given community.As stated by Jane Yolen and Jack Zipes, fairy tales play a much greater ro... ...h much more significant themes and truly enlighten people (Yolen 36). Work CitedTatar, Maria. Jack Zipes falling out the Disney spell out. The Classic Fairy tales. New York W.W. Norton and Company, 1999. 332-352.Yolen, Jane. How B asic Is Shazam?Touch Magic Fantasy, Faerie and Folklore in Literature of Childhood. Little Rock August House Publisher Inc., 2000. 13-19. Yolen, Jane. erstwhile Upon a Time. Touch Magic Fantasy, Faerie and Folklore in Literature of Childhood. Little Rock August House Publisher Inc., 2000. 27-36. Zipes, Jack David. Breaking the Magic Spell Radical Theories of Folk and Fairy Tales. Lexington The University Press of Kentucky, 2002.Zipes, Jack. On the Use and Abuse of Fold and fairy Tale with Children Bruno Bettelheims Moralistic magic wand. Literature imaging Center. Gale, 2007. Web. 18 Feb 2010.

Sexual Exploitation of Women in the Developing World Essay -- Sex Slav

growing of Women in the Developing innovationThe modern world today is proud to recognize the equality that has been acknowledged between age, gender, and race. Women are commence to be treated as equals with men, in new customs, lifestyle, society, and economy. Today, women are freer and are liberated from their traditional roles as housewives, and are pursuing their hopes and dreams. However, this is not the case in many regions of the world. In the developing countries, thousands of females are dehumanized by prostitution and the trafficking of women and children is dehumanizing which serves only to benefit men. It exploits and violates the rights of women in the developing world. Sexual exploitation, which includes sex tourism, bride trade, temporary marriages, and knowledgeable violence such as rape, incest, and sexual harassment, has escalated throughout the 20th century and has become an enormous concern. Today, slavery is defined as a social and frugal relationship in wh ich a person is controlled through violence or its threat, paid nothing, and economically exploitedsex trafficking is a modern day constitute of slavery (Bales). The reason why governments do not help the women in prostitution is because the sex industry generates profits amounting to billions of dollars, necessary to pay off the nations debts. The governments convince themselves, and the public, that they help facilitate womens employment opportunities and statistics by legitimizing prostitution. Politically vulnerable and economically weak countries were opened up as touring car destinations, and large numbers or male tourists bought sexual adventure in foreign countries as the businesses of the sex tourism were open. The promotion of sex tourism generated benevolent amounts of income for the sex industry as well as for the government, due to the vacations that people from developed countries take to take advantage of these foreign prostitutes. In some cultures, the establish ed role of females has been long facilitated by the traditional systems of religion, resulting to prostitution. Trafficking is assisted by recruiters (who accompany the woman to the new country), the traffickers, and the pimps who are in charge of the brothels and sex clubs that the women end up in. Although there is an extensive amount of evidence that these people are in charge of the continuation o... ...uld not be tolerated they have the human right to love freely in a society without turning to prostitution as the only way to survive.Works CitedBales, Kevin. New Slavery A Reference Book. California, 2000.capital of Hungary Group, The Relationship Between Organized Crime and Trafficking in Aliens. Austria International Centre for Migration Policy Development, June 1999.Canadian Woman Studies, Migration, Labour and exploitation, Trafficking in Women and Girls. York University Publication, 2004.Clark, Bruce and Wallace, John. Global Connections Canadian and World Issues. Prentic e Hall, Toronto, 2003. Pearson Education Canada Hechler, David. Child Sex Tourism. New York Dont Buy Thai. May 2001International Organization for Migration, Trafficking and Prostitution The Growing exploitation of migrator women from Central & Eastern Europe, 1995.International Organizations for MigrationLucky Star Online Casino, Prostitution and the Sexual Exploitation of Women, 2002.Peoples Daily Online, Chinese Proposes Efforts to Eliminate Sexual Exploitation against Women, 2003.World Revolution, Overview of Global Issues, human rights and social justice, 2002.

Essay --

Cloning Cloning may have many dangerous processes, reproductive copy, the creating of a new organism, and cloning, the creation of a new tissues or other biological products such as food animals plants mass and other stuff, which affects the benevolent society which is not good at all. Scientists says cloning may benefit all men and women, religious leaders stress the idea of cloning to be a bad process that should never notice and they should get rid of the idea. Human cloning may serve as an aid to the children and parents with problems, cloning is not good at all to human breeding to see as a product to make money off or to be lazy. Humans reproductively and mentally give the idea of people worthy a product rather than a living human being. Taylor emphasizes that reproductive cloning could also represent an enormous step in direction of transforming human procreation into human life. In other words, reproductive cloning will create a world full of dolls that will remov e all(prenominal) trace of living beings which is not a good thing to have. Though it is hard to believe the world becoming a doll house for individually family, it has come to a conclusion that the ability of cloning and creating children is questioning everybody about cloning and how it will effect the world. what does it mean to be a human designate about it. If it was not bad enough for this world to describe some of the people to be looked upon as nothing but a thing or be made fun of, cloning pushes the idea to a whole new level. By opening the door to things such as manipulation with manifold it could get really bad. Caplan states, as she desperately explains the fear in cloning, of wanting to be someone else, it brush aside treat them as objects instead of person, To even bring in ... ...ly fit into my research paper. This source was very helpful for me to use in my research. It shapes my argument because its got info about both sides so I can use them. This hasnt cha nged what I think about my topic.6.A Plasmid Toolkit for Cloning Chimeric Cdnas Encoding Customized Fusion Proteins into Any Gateway Destination grammatical construction Vector. n.d. n. pag. Print.This source is a very useful source. It compares with the other articles because its about cloning. The information in the article is reliable. This source is objective. The goal of this source is to tell people what we dont know about cloning.The text in this source could easily fit into my research paper. This source was very helpful for me to use in my research. It shapes my argument because its got info about both sides so I can use them. This hasnt changed what I think about my topic.

Essay --

Cloning Cloning may have many dangerous outgrowthes, reproductive cloning, the creating of a refreshful organism, and cloning, the creation of a new tissues or other biological products such as food animals plants people and other stuff, which affects the human society which is not nigh(a) at alone. Scientists says cloning may benefit all men and women, religious leaders stress the idea of cloning to be a bad process that should never happen and they should get rid of the idea. Human cloning may serve as an aid to the children and parents with problems, cloning is not good at all to human life to see as a product to make money off or to be lazy. Humans reproductively and mentally give the idea of people becoming a product rather than a living human being. Taylor emphasizes that reproductive cloning could also represent an enormous step in direction of transforming human procreation into human life. In other words, reproductive cloning lead create a world full of birdies that will remove every trace of living beings which is not a good thing to have. Though it is hard to believe the world becoming a doll house for each family, it has come to a conclusion that the ability of cloning and creating children is questioning everybody about cloning and how it will effect the world. what does it mean to be a human think about it. If it was not bad enough for this world to describe some of the people to be looked upon as nothing but a thing or be made fun of, cloning pushes the idea to a whole new level. By opening the door to things such as manipulation with doubles it could get really bad. Caplan states, as she desperately explains the fear in cloning, of wanting to be someone else, it can treat them as objects kinda of person, To even add ... ...ly fit into my research paper. This witness was very encouraging for me to use in my research. It shapes my argument because its got info about both sides so I can use them. This hasnt changed what I think ab out my topic.6.A Plasmid Toolkit for Cloning Chimeric Cdnas Encoding Customized Fusion Proteins into Any accession Destination Expression Vector. n.d. n. pag. Print.This source is a very useful source. It compares with the other articles because its about cloning. The information in the article is reliable. This source is objective. The goal of this source is to tell people what we dont know about cloning.The text in this source could easily fit into my research paper. This source was very helpful for me to use in my research. It shapes my argument because its got info about both sides so I can use them. This hasnt changed what I think about my topic.

Royal Mail Privatization

According to the Business News on BBC which was updated on 8 October 2013, the regimen intended in privatizing Royal Mail as this had been planned for many years. Royal Mail employees have been given 10% of the shares as part of a stock foodstuff flotation. Business Secretary Vince Cable described it as the biggest employee share scheme for almost 30 years. Meanwhile, the public have been given the opportunity to engage to buy shares online until 8 October.An amount of 750 pounds will be the minimum investment for public while the minimum investment for those Royal Mail employees who wished to buy superfluous shares is 500 pounds. However, an additional 15% of the governments stake will be sold if the demand for the shares is very high in what is called an over-allotment option. The company postulate access to private capital in order to grow and compete. utter the government and Royal Mail management.Parcel delivery from internet shopping is far to a greater extent important to Royal Mails business compared to the delivery of letters, which is shrinking. Furthermore, in order to try to cut public from spending and borrowing more money, the government has been reluctant to invest large sums of money at a time. Moreover, Royal Mail has also been facing competition from private operators such as trinitrotoluene and UK Mail. Post Office will not be affected in the privatization because it is now a separate company from Royal Mail.The government said that they want to invest more money in the Post Office network as they want to prevent branch closures and eventually set it up as a mutual business. In conclusion, the reason I have chose this particular topic is because Royal Mail is one the most popular and unbendable delivery postal service Company in the United Kingdom and I personally agree in Royal Mail being privatized as it is giving them a chance to grow and compete in business.

Ap European History Timeline Project

The stay of AugsburgThe Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, ending the wars of religion in the Holy Roman Empire. It stated that the leaders of the many provinces in the Empire can decide what religion they wanted their people to follow. This treaty recognized Lutheran Protestants and Catholics, but not Calvinism. This essentially was the first time in the Holy Roman Empire that another religion was allowed, besides Catholicism.Treaty of WestphaliaSigned in 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia at one time again ended a religious war, the Thirty Years War. It was the treaty that recognized Calvinism, finally, a abundant with Lutheranism and Catholicism. It used the same policy as the treaty before, The Peace of Augsburg. The Holy Roman Empire had effectively become a collection of different states and provinces with differing religious views ruled by mainly Hapsburgs.Peace of ParisThe Peace of Paris was signed in 1763. It was signed in a peace agreement to end the Seven Years War. Brita in obtained much of cut lands in the Americas, beginning their extensive dominance outside of continental Europe. However, the French obtained the West Indies, which was also a treasure for them. Prussia and Austria were not included in the treaty, rather signing a different treaty, the Treaty of Hubertusburg.Congress of ViennaThe Congress of Vienna was a meeting of the leaders of many countries from Europe to decide what to do after the Napoleonic Wars. The Final Act of the treaty was signed just days after his final defeat at Waterloo. The Bourbons of France were restored as the monarchs and Napoleon was exiled once again. The balance of power in Europe had been restored. It was signed in 1814.The Frankfurt AssemblyThis was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. After long discussion and debates in 1849, a new constitution was drawn up. It outlined the entire German Empires government, including the hereditary emperor, the Kaiser. This constitution was then lat er on used as the basis for the constitution of the Weimar Republic and for the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. Overall, the Frankfurt Assembly had a huge impact on the next of Germany.

Impact of Organizational Climate on Turnover Intention

However, since many decades various frameworks of organizational climate has been developed both conceptual as well as operational under different sets of situations and their research findings are highly diverse and often contradictory in nature. Retaining valuable employees is one of the ost of import issue for to age competitive organizations as employees are considered as the most valuable asset and precious resource, which helps 27 Impact of Organizational Climate on derangement Intention An Empirical Analysis on Faculty Members of Technical Education of India to sustain in the dynamic environment.It is usually in the organizations best interest to designate its energy and time in retaining the quality employees that they already have instead of recruiting the new ones. However, increasing employee turnover has been a fashion now a days and the issue of employee turnover is the major reason for erformance inefficiency in many organizations in India. Indian organizations are b eing forced to undergo considerable transformation in their working system in order to sustain in todays competitive and dynamic environment.In this context, it would be important to explore the factors that have the most positive come to on the performance of the organization. Organizational performance largely depends on the presence of satisfied and committed employees. Among various factors, attitudes and feelings of the individuals regarding their Jobs have been found to be significantly affecting their behaviors. Herzberg, Mausner, Peterson and Capwell, 1957 laffaldano and Muchinsky, 1985 Locke, 1970 Schwab and Cummings, 1970 Petty, McGee and Cavender, 1984).Therefore, positive attitude towards Job can be generated by a healthy organizational climate resulting to a positive behavior towards turnover intention. This observational study aims to identify various antecedents of organizational climate and also to investigate their move on turnover intention of faculty members o f technical educational institutes of India. quintette antecedents of organizational climate (Orientation, Supervision, Communication, Decision Making, and RewardManagement) identified as independent variables with the help of through literature review of previous research in the associated field and tolerant discussion with faculty members. This study will shed some light for technical educational institutes that encounter high turnover rates of faculty members resulting from reproving organizational climate. Knowing more about faculty members intent to leave with relation to organizational climate is important to develop general guidelines to improve the pertinent organizational climate factors that are found to be laking in the organizations.Organizational Climate Organizational climate is a concept of employees attitude and feelings towards their organization which has great impact towards their working ways and contributions in consequence organizational climate causes orga nization performance because this relates directly to employees satisfaction and commitment towards organization. Organisational climate forms part of the broader climate concept, which includes aspects of the tender environment that are consciously perceived by the organisational members (Patterson et al. , 2004).

Macro and Micro Economics

Micro Economics- Micro sparings is a branch of economics that analyzes the market behavior of individual consumers and firms in an attempt to understand the decision-making process of firms and households. It is concerned with the interaction between individual buyers and sellers and the factors that influence the choices made by buyers and sellers. In particular, microeconomics focuses on patterns of tack and affect and the determination of price and output in individual markets (e. g. umber industry). Areas microeconomics covers Supply and demand ?Competition ?Monopolies ?Profit and loss ?Opportunity cost Elasticity Rigid laws- Businesses may be doomed to be non starters due to suppressive business environment which may take the form of rigid government laws ( no polluting industry can ever be located in some 50 Km radius of the Taj) , state of competition ( Car manufacturing capacity presently in the country is far in excess of demand) etc. surroundings impact- The present a nd future viability of an enterprise is impacted by the environment For eg no TV manufacturer can be expected to survive by making only B&W television sets when consumer preference has clearly shifted to color television sets. Key Inputs- The availability of all key inputs like ingenious labor , trained managers, raw materials, electricity, transportation, fuel etc be a factor of the business environment. Public awareness- Increasing public awareness of the negative aspects of genuine industries like hand woven carpets (use of child labor ) , pesticides (damage to environment in the form of chemical residues in groundwater), plastic bags (choking of sewer lines) arrive at resulted in the speechless decline of some industries. The Market- Organizations closely monitor their customer markets in tack to adjust to changing tastes and preferences.A market is people or organizations with wants to satisfy, gold to spend, and the willingness to spend it. Each target market has disti nct needs, which need to be monitored. It is imperative for an organization to know their customers, how to name them and when customers needs change in order to adjust its marketing efforts accordingly. The market is the focal point for all marketing decisions in an organization. Marketing Intermediaries- Physical distribution firms help the organization to stock and blend products from their points of origin to their destinations.Warehouses store and protect the goods before they move to the next destination. Marketing service agencies help the organization target and promote its products and include marketing seek firms, advertising agencies, and media firms. Financial intermediaries help finance transactions and insure against risks and include banks, credit unions, and insurance companies. Macro Economics- Macroeconomics is a branch of economics transaction with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the entire economy.This includes a national, regional , or global economy. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. In Macroeconomics there are two areas of research that are emblematic of the discipline the attempt to understand the causes and consequences of short-run fluctuations in national income (the business cycle), and the attempt to understand the determinants of pine-run economic growth (increases in national income).Areas of macroeconomics covers ?Money supply ?Interest rates ?Fiscal and monetary policy ?Unemployment ?Growth ?Inflation ?Inflation- In youthful years, a confluence of macroeconomic and industry-specific factors has led to record- in high spirits prices and unprecedented volatility in the global pastoral commodity markets. Specifically, simultaneous increases in demand and production be along with intensifying supply-side pressures have led many experts to forecast extended periods of higher-than-average pri ces for many commodities.Farm-based commodities have recently experienced unprecedented growth in demand from both traditional and non-traditional sources. Traditional demand has increase primarily via worldwide population growth. The worlds population currently exceeds 6. 5 billion, is projected to reach intimately 9. 5 billion by 2050. Increases in demand have also been driven by global industrializations positive work on disposable income in emerging economies like China and India.As a result, citizens of these countries have begun to shift away from the grain-centric diet of developing countries to the protein-rich diet universal to countries with higher per capita GDP. Because, on average, one pound of protein requires well-nigh seven pounds of grain to produce, the increase in demand for meat has a large multiplier effect on the demand for grain. Moreover, increased globalization, free trade, and currency exchange considerations have increased agriculture-based exports from producing countries like the U. S. Canada, and Australia, as well as Europe and South America, which has increased competition and intensified demand on a global scale. In addition to traditional food-related demand, coarse grains such as corn, sorghum, barley, oats, and rye and pareve oils and edible oil products have experienced exponential demand growth due to the rapidly expanding biofuels initiative in the United States, Brazil, and the European Union. The World Bank estimated that nearly all of the increase in global corn production between 2004-2007 was used for biofuels production in the United States.Moreover, as evidenced by sexual relations recent mandate to increase domestic ethanol production nearly five-fold by 2022, the biofuels component of agricultural commodity demand is not believably to decline in the near, or even intermediate, future. Most agricultural commodities are also experiencing significant supply-side pressure from a variety of sources. Recently, th e global supply of agricultural commodities has been severely affected by unfavorable weather conditions (e. g. , droughts, flooding, and freezes) in several regions, including the U. S. , Europe, Canada, Argentina, Ukraine, and Russia.As a result, global stockpiles of agricultural commodities have fallen to their lowest levels in many years. At the same time, increased competition for productive crop land and the reconfiguration of planting decisions to maximize returns from biofuels-related plantings (e. g. , corn and soybeans) have drastically affected the supplies of more or less agriculture commodities. Significant increases in production costs, led by record oil and fertilizer prices, and increasing scarcity of productive farmland and sufficient and convenient water supplies have further contributed to limits on worldwide production capacity.Finally, political unrest in producing countries has slowed or stopped production on otherwise physically productive land, further tigh tening supplies. Unlike many other commodities, agricultural commodities are crucial to the survival of nations. In a recent study, researchers concluded that nearly 60 percent of all global conflicts over the past two decades have been primarily driven by disputes related to food, land, or water. Recent spikes in food prices have lead to food smuggling in some countries and riots in others.Because of the universal necessity for food and the irreplaceable role that agricultural commodities have in worldwide food production, market analysts, including the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) predict that when commodity supplies eventually recover and prices moderate from current high levels, the new equilibrium prices will be significantly higher than has traditionally been observed during periods of market balance. As summarized in the table below, even when the volatility is take from short-term prices, long-run ommodity price projections forecast equilibrium p rices for most major crops that are 19 to 110 percent higher than their recent five-year average. The preceding abbreviation suggests agribusiness and agricultural-related firms may present interesting investment opportunities. Companies with operations and/or substantial investments in one or more key grain producing nations, such as the U. S. , Canada, Europe, Russia, Brazil, and China, may be favorable over countries operating primarily in resource poor nations.Companies with significant command over their supply ambit are likely to display significant operating advantages, but because of the capital-intensive nature of the industry, especially for companies with significant supply chain investment, firms with low debt, good credit rating, and/or relatively easy access to credit markets are preferred in light of current global economic conditions. Moreover, any company with significant supply chain investment should be providing logistical synergies and optimizing economical o peration of all its assets.In particular, companies that invest in technology to produce more robust, more efficient farmland and crops may provide unique opportunities for investment in the short- and intermediate-term. In summary, although current prices and volatility may not be sustainable in the long term, the long-term factors affecting agricultural commodities will most likely result in an extended period of high, although not necessarily record, prices. As a result, investments in agriculturally-oriented firms appear to be promising over intermediate- and long-term horizons.

Insight on Macro Economics

Question 1 fiscal globalizationOver the classs since mankind War 2 we reach seen economists battle on the design process for and against of pecuniary globalization.The topic had been there during previous years but not much attention was paid into it, it only attr operationed attention after the effects of World War 2 let to social unification. This is idea suggests that completely the countries of the world should unite sparingally by setting up a global financial groundwork to standardize al the economic activities of the world.The pros and cones have laid out with case studies on regional bodies and domestic financial establishments being cited to back up various claims that take diverse stands on the issue.Both Mishkin and Rogoff acknowledged that if the world would be a better place if it had a global financial insertion.Even with this in mind, they never failed to say that the idea is a pipe dream as there are more economic, social and political variables round it . Unifying all the three factors would be daunting even from the onset and it would be a miracle if the unification worked. They stated that even if all odds were beaten and the institution was organise growth countries would end up losing market and funds as the developed countries would exploit them.The cardinal agreed that if formed, the international institution would be more booming as it will have many investors from developing countries and be disbursing high return interest loans to developed countries for them to invest in developing countries. Professor Kling agrees with the two economists up to the point that formation of a global financial institution is an imaginary (Lawrence-2001) object but takes a turn on the point that the institution would be more successful.Kling argues that economic problems domestic institutions face are the exact one the global institution will face but a bigger and much devastating state.If a crisis arises, the international institution w ould cut the money it loans and raise the interests on the money. This would not be harsh stance as middling like any business, the institution would want to grow its profit base and reduce risks.Developing countries that would by thence be so dependant to the institution will be affected terribly as the probability of their economies collapsing would be so high. Mishkin, Rogoff and Kling all agree with this theory and each of them made reference to the conduct of the international monetary fund when an economic crisis arises.Benefits that the international institution will pass to the global community fixed. It would quickly restore liquidity if asked to because it would have a perpetual stability and flow of cash. Making available long term loans will be an easy task for the institution (chui-2002). Opening markets will be among the merits of an international as all countries will be operating under the same economic laws.Diversifying the market base will be another realise as t here will be numerous markets for different goods. Note the previous statement will work if the global community allows production specialization policy to work. All these benefits have been agreed to by Mishkin and Rogof but Kling refutes the point that loans will be available to all countries. He says that is an impractical suggestion. There are elaborate disadvantages of the international institution if it is formed. Huge disparities in economic growth would be inevitable.We would see developing countries grow in economy as the developing counties would be seeing a drop in their GDP. The institution will cause an increase of taxes globally incase an economic bomb explodes and its liquidity goes down. The institution will kill productivity of small countries if it does not make policies that facilitate the smooth transfer of technology from developed to developing countries.Most of the skilled and incapable labor force in developed countries will be left jobless as their compani es will prefer manufacturing products in less developed countries that have low wage payouts.Question B1 contrast on transmission mechanismsTaylor and Lucas are profound economists that have made phenomenal economic revelations and added spice to works of Meynerd Keynes.Their insight on transmission mechanism is what staged their professionalism and expertise in the field of economics. They have divergent and convergent see to its relating to the topic let us analyze them.The similarity they wee-wee is that they both support the use of short term interest rates and investment on short term high return bonds and securities to propel economic growth, better known as financial market price review (taylor-1995). They say this is the only way the American banks maintain their liquidity. They similarly agree that how money is transferred between accounts and the number of times it circulates should be increased so as to maximize its efficiency this is known as limited participation (to bin-1969).Credit view is one of the clashing points between the two professionals Taylor fully supports the policy but Lucas admonishes it. Taylor advocates for unison change in lending rate policies among banks as Lucas stands for free financial flowing activities.Question B2 not what they had in mindKlings books explains a chronological order of events that led to the 2007/2008 financial crises that left many big companies bankrupt and with large debts, this is the year in united states history that stock prices shot and the exchange market remained shocked. He states that it is also a year to be remembered as there was general public outcry because people were being kicked out of their mortgages (kling-2009).It depicts how the liberal economic policies made by previous governments led to the catastrophic time. He compares the laws of the times from 1930 to 1970 then 2001 when the policies were changed but that that could not remedy or salvage the 2008 disruption from taking pl ace. The title highlights that the thoughts that were behind the previous policy makers did not come to be as they made poor economic judgments.The general idea is that the policies be changed and that companies customize the laws according to their own needs to avoid a scenario similar to the 2007/2008 one. The book gives insights and acts as a wake up to the policy makers, the banking and insurance companies and the general public main consumers.Mr Kling urged the public to come up with innovations that would help cruise through bad economic times like the one in 2007/2008.He also urges the government to thoroughly scrutinize bills before passing them into laws as they would turn to be harmful in future times. He made the previous as a sig to acknowledge that economic forces are not static and they require decree from time to time. Here he lay an example that innovation would help reduce future effects as they did by helping quash the Glass-Stealgall act of 1933 (krugman-2002).Th e act prohibited interstate banking and also outlawed the merging of investment and commercial banks. Many economists including Kling said that the policy makers of that time passed the act as they thought that if banks were allowed to operate nationally they would be more powerful than other federal agencies.They also thought that merging of banks would create a monopoly and catalyze an economic breakdown.By fairness finance financial institutions would be reducing the economic burden by sharing risks. Kling sees this method work more efficiently if financial institutions merge. He also adds the money to be placed in the investment should be given I bits.This will allow the institution to study the market as the peril grows, in case they notice a downward or predict a loss the company can always pull out of the contract safely. This method has fewer sets of threats to loss than giving out all the cash for investment in one bit. Equity he says will prevent a coming from running ou t of liquidity.If the investment return is high, an institution can always remain in service even if it is funding different projects from different parties. In his introduction Mr Kling named bad bets and excessive leverage to be among the four practices financial institutions engaged in that led to the crisis. Prior to 2008 many lenders would typically in reality on institution credit scores before giving out loans if they noticed that the borrower had good scores they would not hesitate giving him the loan in one sum.They did this even before assessing investment they were funding. The financial institutions would later come back to collect the money or claim the property, this is what led to the collapse of nonaged banks in the US. In his analysis if the matter he states that equity finance can help counter this effect as institutions that use it will save money and reduce the risk of becoming bankrupt by 40%. It is the excessive bets placed on none return investments that lea d to excessive leverage.He structures the equity funding policy as a way of keeping the financial institutions in check with their investments. The actions that I would propose to the state is creation of a federal body that will be mandated to assess the market viability of projects and investment opportunities. This body should then approve and certify that the project is truly worth the money requested in the quotation.I also recommend that banks be more open with their liquidity information and hand it over to the body that certifies projects. After testimony the body will now recommend the project owner to an institution with that kind of money. This action will save many banks from collapse as many of them succumb to greed bad bets.ReferencesBook written by Michael Chui in 2002Sovereignty liquidity crisis analysis and complications for public policyBook written by A Lawrence in 2001International financial crisis causes saloon and curesOnline Article from the new York times n ewspaperhttps//www.nytimes/2002/08/02/opinion/duby-s-double-dip.htmlBook written by professor KlingNot what they thoughtBook written by Tobin in 1968 and published in 1969Theory of investmentBook written by Ando in 1958 and published in 1963The life cycle theory of consumption

Lack of technology at my work

The term engine room is a concept that deals with the knowledge and usage of tools and crafts and how its ability to tick and adjust to the environment is affected. Technology also refers to material object that ar useful to hu bit nature. They include machines, hardware or utensils amongst other things, at clock it encompasses systems, organizational methods, and techniques. The term can also be generally applied or to specifically applied to specific areas medical technology, computer technology or construction technology.It has do it easy for people to research on the internet both academic and general reading. Different people have through researches and are still doing and making it available to the net. This therefore means that for works of all company to improve their performance and compete favorably with others, they need enough equipment in their offices so that they can acquaint themselves with knowledge. Lack of or not enough of these equipments will lead to the i ncompetence of the role players hence low productivity. (Borgmann, 2006)Thomas Friedman in his sacred scripture the world is flat tries to look at technology and its feat on Globalization. To him its technology that has made the world to become a small village. Technology started when man realized the need to make his work easier. In the attempt to make hunting easier, man invented the weapon from the stones there was also the invention of fire. These discovery helped increment the availability of food and the wheel invention assisted humans in traveling and environmental control. This was due to the need to improve the livelihood of the man.As the cadence moved by and with the increase of population, there also arose the need for man to supplement his food. He was to move from hunting and gathering and start cultivating some crops. This kitchen-gardening was to be done with the aid of tool hence technology. However, the recent development in various fields like printing press internet and shout out have has greatly made it easier to communicate. It has made human beings to interact as they share ideas on a global scale as Friedman puts it. In a local setting, information flow in the country moves very first to the citizens with the help of mass media. People now can access any information via the internet and also through their mobile phones.This is as a result of technology. The convergence of media has done a great improvement and raised the standards of living. Doctor straightaway can monitor the patient from far using different communicative devices connected to the patient. Operation in the theatres by medical doctors is now easily done with the use of computers. (Thomas 2005)Technology however is made to make the work more efficient and time saving. For any substantial development at any industry, technology becomes a major driving issue. This is be feature the workers need to get the necessary support as they do the work.Having enough computers in the office for instance makes it easy for the worker to perform their duties effectively hence the productivity will go high as everybody will be doing his or her best. Lack of the same hinders some or rather reduces performance as more time will be on none constructive issue as they wait for the few to be shared.However, as we embrace technology, we have to look at both the positive and negative effectives. This is to say that it has had some negative impact to the society and its surroundings in a several ways. In the places where we have industries, there is pollution of the environment hence affecting peoples health.According to the report of June 2000, on the effect of mobile phone, it says that mobile phones are good devices to use but their side effects are immense. For instance, there develops ear cancer if overused and can even cause importance to men when exposed to private parts for a long time because of the radiations they emit. (Borgmann, 2006)Technology also has g ot negative impact on the social values. It is because is the approachability to different cultural orientations across the world. This complexity whereby some are constructive while others are destructive might be harmful especially to unexampled ones. The issue of pornography for instance is now an issue at hand. How can it be stopped, remains the big issue with technology?Is it at the uploading side or at the down loading side? The mode of dressing too is sweep uped from the same internet which is a product of technology. Young people tent to borrow some dressing mode that do not conform to the norms and values of the society. This always brings about conflict with parents and other members of the society.In a nutshell, in any growing world, technology and development go hand in hand. It is easy and time saving. Workers therefore should be provided with enough and efficient equipment for them to be able to break down with easy. This will ensure maximum production. However as we embrace this technology, we should very careful with type of equipment that are being bought. Some of them might be overage and instead of helping, they cause more harm than good. Others might be expansive digging deep into the companys pocket yet its performance is not felt. (Borgmann, 2006)All in all technology is part and parcel of every day life and can not be avoided but be made available for the people use it for good not evil. (Bormann, 2006)ReferenceBorgmann, A. (2006) Technology as a Cultural Force For Alena and Griffin The Canadian Journal of Sociology 31 (3) 351-360.Heinzelin, J. (1999) Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Stiegler, Bernar

Attack on Pearl Harbor: Usa in World War Essay

Pearl Harbour is a lagoon harbour on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Most part of the harbour is a naval base for the coupled States Navy and it is excessively the headquarters of United States Pacific Fleet. It was attacked by the Japanese navy in a surprise multitude air strike. The attack took place in the early hours of December 7 1941 and lasted for around two hours. The pursuance day USA declared war on Japan and thus the entry of USA in World War II. Reason for the attackYesterday, December 7, 1941 a date which willing live in infamy the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombardment in Oahu, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reception to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or arm attack.It will be record that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese Government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace. The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives kick in been lost. In addition American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu. Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack against Malaya. delay night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. depart night Japanese forces attacked Guam.La st night Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands.Last night the Japanese attacked Wake Island.This morning the Japanese attacked Midway Island.Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise sick extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and hearty understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that totally measures be taken for our defense. Always will we remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how broad it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous capacity will win through to absolute victory.I believe I interpret the will of the coitus and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again. Host ilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger. With confidence in our armed forces with the unbounded determination of our people we will gain the inevitable triumph so help us God. I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December seventh, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.Bibliography* www.eyewitnesshistory.com* about.com* Wikipedia* www.history.com* www.worldwar2history.info* www.history.navy.mil* www.u-s-history.com* www.wtj.com ( War Times ledger )* www.law.ou.edu* www.bbc.co.uk* education.nationalgeographic.com

Production of Brazilian Coffee

A hundred million quite a little in the United States wake up every day to the smell of drinking chocolate berry, a third of which is produced in brazil-nut tree, making Brazil by far the worlds largest producer of coffee, a position the country has held for the last cl years. With 80% of the achievement of Brazilian coffee being the delightfully tasting Arabica coffee, its the largest producer of low fall guy Arabica coffee in the world, along with being a large producer of Conilon robusta too.There has been a curious increase in the occupation of Brazilian coffee over the past few years, in read to meet the demand for cheap coffee the world over. Just over the last 12 months, Brazil exported over 46 million bags, a sharp increase from the 18 million bags it exported in 1994. The muniment of production of Brazilian coffee goes back to 1727 when the outgrowth coffee bush was planted in Brazil, support by curious rumours about the first samples of seeds being smuggled into B razil by the military Francisco de Melo Palheta who captivated a Lady in French Guiana to part with them.Brazilian economy, then based on the production of sugar, gradually shifted to coffee, helping it become a monopoly in the international coffee market by the first decades of the 20th century, with the economy completely dependent upon coffee. Around the middle of the 19th century, following the decline of slave labour, Brazil pushed for greater influx of immigrants to work in the coffee farms. The success of the State of Sao Paulo as the economic and political centre in the country is often attributed to it being the first and main producer of coffee.Currently, coffee production in Brazil provides income for over 10 million people involved in the coffee trade, fuelling a significant part of the US$60 billion a year industry. Such figures, however, be in possession of often led to the misunderstanding that Brazil is heavily dependent on coffee for its economy. Coffee is resp onsible for(p) for only 0. 3% of Brazilian GDP, falling well behind industries such as automotive, aerospace and high technical school that make up a massive chunk of the GDP.To encourage coffee farming among this extremely war-ridden sector, the Brazilian government has recently deregulated the coffee industry, allowing large farms to market their coffees directly to consuming countries without regard to government-mandated tearing down structures. The industry is not without its problems. Grown in elevations ranging between 2,000 feet to 4,000 feet, the rapid climate change is predicted to hurt the production of beans available for an estimated four years, leading to an increase in price.There have also been concerns about the musical note of beans produced, currently being tackled by Brazilian coffee growing associations as they try re-creating the image of Brazilian as exquisite and distinctive Specialty-level coffee. It is the Brazilians hard work that gets much of the world its favorite beverage. So abutting time you sip your coffee, offer a toast to the country that gave us Samba to groove to.

Soil Mechanics by Jerry Vandevelde

SOIL MECHANICS (version slip by two hundred8) Presented by Jerry Vandevelde, P. E. Chief Engineer GEM Engineering, Inc. 1762 Watterson Trail Louisville, Kentucky (502) 493-7 cytosine 1 National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying http//www. ncees. org/ 2 STUDY REFERENCES Foundation Engineering fortune Hanson & Thornburn Introductory injury Mechanics and Foundations Sowers NAVFAC Design Manuals DM-7. 1 & 7. 2 Foundation Analysis and Design Bowles Practical Foundation Engineering Handbook Brown 3 grunge Classification Systems * Unified estate Classification System * AASHTO Need Particle Sizes and Atterberg Limits 4Particle Sizes (Sieve Analysis) (Well ranked) (Poorly Graded) 0. 1 5 Atterberg Limits Liquid, elastic & Shrinkage Limits Plasticity Index (PI) PI = Liquid Limit Plastic Limit (range of moisture marrow over which smear is plastic or malleable) 6 UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ASTM D-2487 7 8 referee Peck Hanson & Thornburn 2nd Ed. Effective Size = D10 10 percent of the sample is finer than this size D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 03mm 0. 1 0. 1 9 Uniformity Coefficient (Cu) = D60/D10 Coefficient of Curvature (Cz) = (D30)2/(D10xD60) D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 03mm 0. 1 10 Well Graded Requirements 50% coarser than no. 00 block out Uniformity Coefficient (Cu) D60/D10 4 for Gravel 6 for mainstay Coefficient of Curvature (Cz) = (D30)2/(D10xD60) = 1 to 3 11 Is the better graded material a gravel? 81% Passing none 4 18% Finer none 200 0. 1 0. 1 12 Gravel if 50 portion Coarse Fraction retained on No. 4 try % Retained on No. 200 = 82% 1/2 = 41% 19% ( one C-81) retained on No. 4 sieve (gravel) 19 41 half of coarse fraction 81% Passing No. 4 18% Finer No. 200 ? sand 0. 1 (S) 13 Well Graded anchor? Uniformity Coefficient (Cu) 6 = D60/D10 Coefficient of Curvature (Cz) = 1 to 3 = (D30)2/(D10xD60) 14 D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 3mm 0. 1 Well Graded Sand? Uniformity Coefficient (Cu) D60/D10 = 1. 6/. 03 = 53 6 D60 = 1. 6mm D30 = 0. 2mm D10 = 0. 03mm Coefficient of Curvature (Cz) = (D30)2/(D10xD60) = 0. 22/(. 031. 6) = 0. 83 12% Passing No. 200 sieve GM, GC, SM, SC 0. 1 12% flying No. 200 sieve Since = S ? SC or SM 16 What Unified Classification if LL= 45 & PI = 25? From sieve entropy SC or SM 0. 1 A) SC B) SM C) CL or D) SC & SM 17 Unified Classification Answer is A ? SC 18 AASHTO (American Association of State main road and Transportation Officials) 19 What is the AASHTO Classification? 65% Passing No. 10 40% Passing No. 0 18% Finer No. 200 1) 18 % passing No. 200 sieve 2) 65% passing No. 10 sieve 3) 40% passing No. 40 sieve 4) grab LL = 45 & PI = 25 20 18 percent passing No. 200 sieve 65 percent passing No. 10 sieve 40 percent passing No. 40 sieve assume LL = 45 & PI = 25 21 AASHTO Classification 1 2 3 4 4 1) 18 % passing No. 200 sieve 2) 65% passing No. 10 sieve 3) 40% passing No. 40 sieve 4) assume LL = 45 & PI = 25 22 AASHTO Group Index 23 Mass- heap (Phase Diagram) social wh ole volume of soil contains add up Volume Va Air nitty-gritty Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Ww Ws lean Wt background Air (gases) Water (fluid) solidity Particles 24 Moisture confine = ? eight of water/ freight of dry soil ? = Ww/Wd water blemish/(moist soil weight water loss) ? = Ww/(Wm-Ww) and ? =(Wm-Wd)/Wd 25 Mass Volume Relationships Density or unit of measurement clog = Moist Unit Weight = ? m ? ?m = Wm/Vt = ? d + ? ?d ? = (? m ? d )/ ? d ? ?d + ? d = ? m ? m= (1+ ? ) ? d ? d = ?m/(1+ ? ) b 26 fall Volume = ? Volume (solid + water + air) = Vs+Vw+Va ? Va = Vt Vs- Vw summation Volume Va Air Total Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Ww Ws Weight Wt Soil 27 Relationship Between Mass & Volume Volume = Mass/(Specific Gravity x Unit Weight of Water) = Ws/(SGxWw) Va Total Volume Air Total Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Ww Ws Weight Wt Soil 28Specific Gravity = weight of material/ weight of same volume of water Soil Specific Gravity Typical run 2. 65 to 2. 70 Specific Gravity of Water = 1 29 Saturation = S exp ress as percent S = volume of water/ volume of voids x 100 Total Volume Va Air Total S = Vw/Vv x 100 Ww Ws Weight Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Wt Soil Always ? 100 30 Porosity n = volume of voids/ total volume n = Vv/Vt Void Ratio e = volume of voids/ volume of solids e = Vv/Vs Total Volume Va Air Total Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Ww Ws Weight Wt Soil 31 What is the degree of saturation for a soil with SG = 2. 68, ? m = 127. 2 pcf & ? = 18. 6 percent A) 88. 4 Total Volume VaAir Total Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Ww Ws Weight B) 100. 0 Wt Soil C) 89. 1 32 What argon the porosity and degree of saturation for a soil with SG = 2. 68, ? m = 127. 2 pcf & ? = 18. 6 percent = 107. 3pcf ?d = ? m/(1+ ? ) = 127. 2/(1. 186) Total Volume Va Air Total Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Soil Ww Weight Wt Ws Ww = ? m- ? d = 19. 9 pcf Vw = Ww/62. 4 = 0. 319 cf Vs = ? d /(SGx62. 4) = 0. 642 cf Va = Vt Vw Vs = 1- 0. 319 0. 642 = 0. 039 cf Vv = Vw + Va = 0. 358 cf 33 What are the porosity and degree of saturation for a soil with SG = 2. 68, ? m = 127. 2 pcf & ? = 18. 6 percent Vw = 0. 319 cf, Vs = 0. 642 cf, Vv = 0. 358 cf Total VolumeVa Air Total Degree of Saturation = Vw/Vv x 100 Ww Weight Wt Ws Vt Vv Vw Vs Water = 0. 319/0. 358 x 100 = 89. 1% Soil Answer is C 34 reader NAVFAC DM-7 35 seize Fill Adjustments buy up Material Properties ?m = 110 pcf & ? = 10% pose Fill Properties ? d = one hundred five pcf & ? = 20% How more resume is needed to produce 30,000 cy of see? How much water must(prenominal) be added or take from each cf of fill? Total Volume Va Air Total Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Ww Ws Weight Wt Soil 36 Borrow Fill Adjustments Borrow Material Properties ?m = 110 pcf & ? = 10% ?d = ? m /(1+? ) = 110/(1. 10) =100 pcf Ww = 110-100=10 lbs Placed Fill Properties ? = 105 pcf & ? = 20% Ww = ? x ? d = 0. 2x 105 = 21 lbs Total Volume Va Air Total Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Ww Ws Weight Wt Soil 37 Borrow Fill Adjustments Borrow Properties ? m = 110 pcf, ? d =100 & ? = 10% Placed Fill Properties ? d = 105 pcf & ? = 20% Since borrow ? d =100pcf & fill ? d =105pcf, 105/100 =1. 05 It takes 1. 05 cf of borrow to make 1. 0 cf of fill For 30,000 cy, 30,000 x 1. 05 = 31,500 cy of borrow Total Volume Va Air Total Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Ww Ws Weight Wt Soil 38 Borrow Fill Adjustments Borrow Material Properties Ww = 10 lbs Placed Fill Properties Ww = 21 lbs Water supplied from borrow in each cf of fill = 10 x 1. 5 = 10. 5 lbs 21 lbs 10. 5 = 10. 5 lbs short/1. 05 cf 10. 5lbs/1. 05 cy = 10 lbs of water to be added per cf borrow Total Volume Va Air Total Vt Vv Vw Vs Water Ww Ws Weight Wt Soil 39 Proctor Moisture Density Relationships Establishes the unique relationship of moisture to dry tightfistedness for each particularised soil at a specified compaction energy MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIP 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 D ry D ensity (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 Moisture matter (%) 40 Proctor Moisture Density Relationships 4 mold 25 blows 6 mold 56 blows Standard 5. 5 lb hammer dropped 12 in 3 layers Standard ASTM D-698 AASHTO T-99 Modified ASTM D-1557 AASHTO T-150 Modified 10 lb hammer dropped 18 in 5 layers 41 PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST Maximum Dry Density Highest meanness for that degree of compactive sudor optimal Moisture Content Moisture content at which maximum dry density is achieved for 42 that compactive effort Proctor Moisture Density Relationships MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIP 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 Dry Density (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 Moisture Content (%)What density is required for 95% Compaction? What range of moisture would facilitate achieving 95% compaction? 43 Proctor Moisture Density Relationships MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIP 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 Dry Density (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 Moisture Content (%) 104 x . 95 = 98. 8 pcf A 95% B Range of moisture is within the wriggle A to B (14 to 24 %) 44 Proctor Zero Air Voids Line Relationship of density to moisture at saturation for constant specific gravity (SG) Cant achieve fill in zone right of zero air voids line ZMOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIP 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 Dry Density (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 Moisture Content (%) 45 Proctor Moisture Density Relationships MOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIP 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 Dry Density (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 Moisture Content (%) If SG = 2. 65 & moisture content is 24% What dry density achieves 100% saturation? A) 100. 0 pcf B) 101. 1 pcf 46 Proctor Moisture Density RelationshipsMOISTURE-DENSITY RELATIONSHIP 108. 0 106. 0 104. 0 Dry Density (pcf) 102. 0 100. 0 98. 0 96. 0 94. 0 92. 0 90. 0 88. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 14. 0 16. 0 18. 0 20. 0 22. 0 24. 0 26. 0 28. 0 Moisture Content (%) X ?d=SG62. 4/(1+? SG/100) ? d=2. 6562. 4/(1+242. 65/100) ? d=101. 1 pcf Answer is B 47 Ref Peck Hanson & Thornburn Static Head 48 lead effective stress at point x Ref Peck Hanson & Thornburn Saturated Unit Weight ? sat 5 ? sat = 125 pcf Moist Unit Weight ? M Dry Unit Weight ? Dry 7 Submerged (buoyant) Unit Weight = ? sat 62. 4 x 49 think effective stress at point x Ref Peck Hanson & ThornburnTotal Stress at X 5 ? sat = 125 pcf = 5 x 62. 4+ 7x 125= 1187psf Pore Pressure at X 7 = 12 x 62. 4 = 749 psf Effective Stress at X = 1187-749= 438 psf x or (125-62. 4) x 7=438 psf 50 Ref Peck Hanson & Thornburn Downward stream Gradient 51 Downward Flow Gradient 3 Total Stress at X = 5 x 62. 4+ 7x 125= 1187psf Pore Pressure at X ? sat = 125 pcf 7 = (12-3) x 62. 4 = 562 psf Effective Stress at X = 1187-562 = 625 psf 5 x or 438 + 3 x 62. 4 = 625psf see previous problem 52 Upward Flow Gradient Ref Peck Hanson & Thor nburn 53 One Dimensional Consolidation ?e/pn 54 Primary Phase Settlement (e log p) ? H = (H x ? )/(1+eo) eo ? H H 55 Consolidation Test Pre-consolidation Pressure Cc = slope of e log p stark(a) hack est. Cc = 0. 009(LL-10%) Skempton Rebound or recompression curves 56 56 e- l o g p Calculate Compression Index Cc 1. 50 1. 40 1. 30 Void Ratio (e) 1. 20 1. 10 ksf 0. 1 1 4 8 16 32 (e) 1. 404 1. 404 1. 375 1. 227 1. 08 0. 932 1. 00 0. 90 A) 0. 21 B) 0. 49 57 0. 80 0. 1 1 10 100 Pr essur e ( ksf ) Cc is the slope of the virgin e-log p e- l o g p Cc = -(e1-e2)/log (p1/p2) 1. 50 Cc=-(1. 375-1. 227)/log(4/8) Cc = 0. 49 Answer is B ksf 0. 1 1 4 8 16 32 (e) 1. 404 1. 404 1. 375 1. 227 1. 08 0. 932 1. 40 Cc Void Ratio (e) . 30 1. 20 1. 10 1. 00 0. 90 0. 80 0. 1 1 10 100 Pr essur e ( ksf ) 58 Permeability Constant Head Conditions Q=kiAt Q= k (h/L)At k=QL/(Ath) 59 If Q =15cc & t = 30 sec what is the permeability k=QL/(Ath) 10cm 5cm A) 0. 01 cm/sec B) 0. 0110-2 cm/sec 25cm2 C) 0. 1 cm/sec 60 Constant Head Permeability Calculate k Q =15cc & t = 30 sec k=QL/(Ath) k= 15(5)/(25(30)10) k= 0. 01 cm/sec Answer is A 10cm 5cm 25cm2 61 Falling Head Permeability k=QL/(Ath) (but h varies) k=2. 3aL/(At) log (h1/h2) where a = pipette body politic h1 = initial head h2 = final head 62 If t = 30 sec h1= 30 cm h2 = 15 cm L= 5 cm a= 0. cm2 A= 30 cm2 calculate k A) 2. 310-3 cm/sec B) 8. 110-6 cm/sec C) 7. 710-4 cm/sec 63 Falling Head Permeability k=2. 3aL/(At) log (h1/h2) k= 2. 3 (0. 2) 5 /(3030) log (30/15) k= 7. 710-4 cm/sec Answer is C 64 Flow lines & head drop lines must intersect at right angles All areas must be square Draw minimum image of lines Results depend on ratio of Nf/Nd Flow Nets 6ft 2ft 65 Q=kia=kHNf /Nd wt (units = volume/time) w= unit width of section t=time Flow Nets 6ft 66 What flow/day? assume k= 110-5 cm/sec =0. 0283 ft/day Q= kH (Nf /Nd) wt Q= 0. 0283x8x(4. 4/8)x1x1 Q= 0. 12 cf/day 2ft Flow Nets ft 67 Check for quick conditions pc =2( one hundred twenty)= 2 40 psf (total stress) Flow Nets Below water level function saturated unit weight for total stress ?= 2(62. 4) = 124. 8 (static pressure) = 1/8(8)(62. 4)= 62. 4 (flow gradient) = 240-(124. 8+62. 4) 2ft 2ft 6ft pc = pc -(? + ) pc = 52. 8 psf 0, soil is not quick ?sat=120 pcf 68 Stress Change Influence (1H2V) For square footing z=Q/(B+z)2 69 If Q= 20 kips, Calculate the vertical stress annex at 7 feet at a lower place the footing bottom 5 8 7 70 If Q= 20 kips, Calculate the vertical stress increase at 7 feet below the footing bottom 5 8 z = 0000 (8+7)(5+7) 7 z = 111 psf 71 Westergaard (layered elastic & springless material) If B= 6. 3 in a square footing with 20 kips load, what is the vertical stress increase at 7 below the footing bottom? 72 Westergaard Q = 20 kips B = 6. 3 Z = 7 z = ? 73 Westergaard 7/6. 3 = 1. 1B z = 0. 18 x 20000/6. 32 = 90. 7 psf 74 Boussinesq (homogeneous elastic) Q = 20 kips B = 6. 3 Z = 7 z = ? 75 Boussinesq Z/B = 1. 1 z = 0. 3 x 20000/6. 32 = 151 psf 76 Thanks for participating in the PE criticism course on Soil Mechanics More questions or comments? You can email me at emailprotected com 77

Financial Ratios and Hershey

A. TWO KEY LESSONS LEARNT FROM THIS CASE Hershey Company is famous known for being the biggest manufacturer of chocolates and confectionary crossings in North America and grocery point of intersections in over 60 countries human beingswide. In 2009, Hershey sales up to 3. 23 percent. advertisement expenses ontogenesis by 46 percent as the beau monde spread overd to recognize iconic brands such(prenominal) as the Hershey Kiss and Reeses overlaps. delinquent to lower commodity damages, the company externalizes to bankrupt their Cacao Reserve brand as soundly as their Starbucks chocolate fictitious characternership. The company similarly plans to finishmouthed their online gift commerce.The company spread out its global presence via articulatio ventures in china and India. From this case, we found 2 key lessons as following (a) The first lesson is virtu altogethery the master(prenominal) of expanding to global commercialise (b) The second lesson is about the wideness for the true to keep developing customer preferences. It is important for company to focus on how to machinate global crossroad strategy to penetrate growing international trades. Therefore, Hershey should come up with new strategies in finance, marting and production department to complete globally and to attach the customer satisfaction and mart partake.B. deal Statement Since we could not find a vision statement of Hershey company then we suggest a vision as below Achieving consumers needs which making chocolate to a greater extent healthy, delicious and delightful for deportment From our opinion, this vision is clear in confines of to help the company to see where the company is going on in the in store(predicate) which the company much(prenominal) concern about customer need and bump offer the product of innate and organic chocolate for health. harmonise to researchers led by Natalie Rose, MD, of the University of California at San Diego.The result sug gests several(prenominal) possible relationships surrounded by eating chocolate and goallyness, it helps to increase the level of specific neurotransmitters in our brain that in turn promotes feeling of happiness and help to raise the good horm maven that act as an ati-depressant. Therefore, It captures the importance not only for healthy but alike the happiness of eating chocolate. C. Mission Statement The actual mission of the Hershey company is Bringing sweet moments of Hershey happiness to the world everyday To our stakeholders, this means Consumer Delivering choice consumer operate confecti iodinery experiences for all occasions. * Employees Winning with an aligned and charge organization while having fun. * Business Partner construction collaborative relationships for profitable growth with our customers, suppliers, and partners. * Shargonholder Creating sustainable time look on. * Communities Honoring our heritage through continued dedication to making a positive d ifference. The up-to-date mission consists of the following characteristics 1. Customer 2. Concern for survival, profitability, growth 3. doctrine 4. Self-concept 5.Concern for public image 6. Concern for employees Mission statement is often the most visible and public part of the strategic management process. The electric current mission is sufficient to remind the company on their attitude and outlook. However, it is important to complicate the nine characteristic, as mission statement would be more effective. From our abbreviation, the current mission lacks of other deuce-ace characteristics, which argon products, commercialize, and technology. These four characteristics argon important for the company in the long-run development. Thus, we think that the current mission fag be amend as follows Bringing sweet moments of chocolate Hershey happiness to the world every day To stakeholders, this means Consumer Delivering quality consumer with the lastest technology to driv e experiences for all occasions. Employee Winning with an aligned and empowered organization while having fun. Business Partners Building collaborative relationships for profitable growth with our customers, suppliers, and partners in the international market placeplace. make outholders Creating sustainable value. Communities Honoring our heritage through continued commitment to making a positive difference.D. External size up Opportunities 1. organic fertiliser foods products are one of the fastest growing sectors in the United States with a projected value of $26. 3 billion by 2011. 2. Seasonal sales such as Halloween and Valentines Day history for 10 percent of the annual sales in the industry. 3. come ons image, however, has suffered within the global community due to allegations about sourcing of deep brown from farms that employed children in Africa, as headspring as its selling tactics used to promote its infant milk substitutes in developing nations. 4.Consumers a re increasely aware of the nutritional value of various product ingredients with purchase decisions reflecting a preference for organic and nonadulterated products. 5. Confectionery products include chocolate, gum, cereal bars, and sugar confectionery products with a projected global market value of $107. 4 billion by 2010. 6. Chocolate currently accounts for 55. 8 percent of the markets general global value. Threats 1. Mergers and acquisitions in the past few years have influenced both the market share and product portfolio of global firms in the confectionery industry. 2. nose, one of the global leaders in the industry, expanded its nutritional product with the acquisition of Jenny Craig, a company with an established brand of nutritional weight-management products. 3. Nestle recently entered the organic products segment with projected sales of $24 billion by 2010. 4. Due to increase consumer concerns about artificial ingredients, the company Cadbury also manufactures a line of p roducts with no artificial colors or artificial flavorings under the Natural Confectionery Company. 5. Cadbury has a 71 percent market share in India, and enjoys a 53 percent market share in the chocolate category in Australia. . Due to increased consumer preference for low fat and organic products, spoil Nutrition and Health Well world has also developed a line of low-fat products and healthy snacks. 7. Some research analysts expect that international sell sugar prices may reach 40 cents a pound. 8. Cocoa future contract prices in 2008 ranged from $0. 86 to $1. 50 per pound, which represented a significant increase from 2007 prices. CPM Competitive Profile Matrix * Estimates for Hershey focused on similar product lines with Nestle, Cadbury and vitiate The Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM)Critical success factors Weight Hershey Nestle Cadbury Mars Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score world-wide magnification 0. 2 4 0. 8 4 0. 8 3 0. 6 3 0. 6 pecuniary Positi on 0. 10 2 0. 2 4 0. 4 3 0. 3 2 0. 2 Advertising ampMarketing 0. 15 4 0. 6 2 0. 3 3 0. 45 3 0. 45 Customer Loyalty 0. 1 2 0. 2 3 0. 3 3 0. 3 3 0. 3 Market share 0. 15 3 0. 45 4 0. 6 4 0. 6 2 0. 3 Product Quality 0. 12 4 0. 36 2 0. 24 3 0. 36 3 0. 36 Price Competitiveness 0. 10 3 0. 30 3 0. 30 4 0. 40 3 0. 0 management 0. 08 2 0. 16 4 0. 32 2 0. 16 3 0. 24 positive 1. 0 3. 07 3. 26 3. 17 2. 75 The Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) show that weighted draw of Hershey, Nestle, Cadbury and Mars. Nestle has got total weighted advance is 3. 26 which is steepest tag and Hershey is the third scores, less than Nestle and Cadbury. The CPM indicates that Hershey is the strongest in terms of Product Quality and Advertising ampMarketing. This means if Hershey is to be warlike, it has to focus on global expansion and market share. The External constituent Evaluation (IFE) MatrixKEY INTERNAL FACTOR WEIGHT RATING heavy fool OPPORTUNITIES Organic foods products are one of the fastest growin g sectors in the United States 0. 1 4 0. 4 Seasonal sales account for 10 percent of the annual sales in the industry 0. 05 3 0. 15 Nestles image has suffered from farms that employed children in Africa 0. 04 4 0. 16 Consumers are increasingly aware of the nutritional value of various product 0. 07 3 0. 21 Confectionery products projected global market value of $107. 4 billion by 2010 0. 09 4 0. 36 Chocolate currently accounts for 55. percent of the markets boilersuit global value 0. 08 4 0. 32 Sub-total for Opportunities 1. 00 1. 60 THREAT WEIGHT RATING WEIGHTED gull Mergers and acquisitions have influenced both the both the market share and product portfolio of global firms 0. 01 3 0. 3 Nestle expanded nutritional product 0. 08 2 0. 16 Nestle entered the organic products segment 0. 08 2 0. 16 Cadbury manufactures a line of products with no artificial colors or artificial flavorings 0. 07 3 0. 21 Cadbury has a 71 percent market share in India, and enjoys a 53 percent market share in chocolate category inAustralia 0. 06 2 0. 12 Mars Nutrition and Health Well existence has developed a line of low-fat products and healthy snacks 0. 07 4 0. 28 International wholesale sugar prices may reach 40 cents a pound 0. 06 4 0. 24 Cocoa future contract prices in 2008 ranged from $0. 86 to $1. 50 per pound 0. 05 4 0. 20 Sub-total for Threats 1. 00 1. 67 Total 1. 00 3. 27 The EFE matrix reveals that score for Opportunities versus score for Threats. Hersheys total weighted scores is more than average which is at 3. 27.This indicates that Hershey is responding strongly higher up average to the existing opportunities and threats. In other words, the companys current strategies are able to make advantage of the existing opportunities and minimize the squiffyial effects of external threats. E. Internal Audit Strengths 1. The Hershey and Godrej venture ordaining distribute Hershey products via Godrejs distribution network to over 1. 6 million outlets in India. 2. Advertisi ng expenses for the quarter increased by 46 percent as the company continued to promote iconic brands such as the Hershey Kiss and Reeses products. 3.The company relies on limited promotions to increase holiday sales, and it also uses advertising programs to supplement seasonal sales. 4. During the past several years, the company has expanded its global presence through a variety of acquisitions and joint ventures with established firms in the international market. 5. Hershey also has special editions products that are themed with events, such as their Dark gentle Collection (milk chocolate peanut butter bats) created for the release of the movie Dark Knight. The company also encourages customers to personalise messages and gifts via its interactive home page. . Due to increased consumer preferences for healthy and organic products, the company portfolio of healthy snacks has expanded to include Payday Pro energy bars and sugar-free products such as Twizzlers. 7. Hershey, as well as other competitors in the industry, is acquiring nonchocolate products as well as nutritional products to complement its existing products. 8. Hershey products are sold to more than 2 million sell outlets, including wholesale distributors, chain grocery stores, convenience stores, and wholesale clubs as well as natural food stores. 9.Direct research on consumer preferences as well as process innovations are supported via the Hershey vegetable marrow of Health and Nutrition developed in 2007. 10. Operating Profit Margin 14%(2008) 15%(2009) scant(p)nesses 1. The company also plans to close their online gift business, which featured seasonal products and gifts that could be personalized by the consumer. 2. Due to global supply initiatives, the company projects a reduction of 1,500 sticks over the next 3-year period. 3. The company plans to discontinue their Cacao Reserve brand as well as their Starbucks chocolate alliance. 4.Hersheys iconic brands such as Hershey Bar, Hershey K isses, and Reeses are instantly recognized within the domestic market. 5. The companys long-term debt increased from $1,279,965 in20O7 to 1,505,954 in 2008. The Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix KEY INTERNAL FACTOR WEIGHT RATING WEIGHTED SCORE STRENGTHS The company will distribute Hershey products via Godrejs distribution network in India 0. 06 3 0. 18 Advertising expenses for promote iconic brands 0. 09 4 0. 36 The company relies on special promotions 0. 07 3 0. 21 The company has expanded its global presence 0. 8 3 0. 24 Hershey has special editions products that are themed with events 0. 06 2 0. 12 The company portfolio of healthy snacks has expanded to include Payday Pro energy bars and sugar-free products 0. 08 4 0. 32 Acquiring nonchocolate and nutritional products 0. 09 4 0. 36 Hershey products are sold to more than 2 million retail outlets 0. 07 3 0. 21 Direct research on consumer preferences and process innovations are supported by the Hershey Center of Health and Nu trition developed 0. 06 3 0. 18 Operating Profit Margin 14% (2008) 15% (2009) 0. 6 3 0. 18 Sub-total for military capabilitys 1. 00 2. 36 WEAKNESSES WEIGHT RATING WEIGHTED SCORE The company plans to close their online gift business 0. 06 2 0. 12 The company projects a reduction of 1,500 positions over the next three years 0. 05 2 0. 12 The company plans to discontinue Cacao Reserve brand Starbucks chocolate partnership 0. 06 3 0. 18 Hersheys iconic brands are instantly recognized within the domestic market. 0. 06 3 0. 18 The companys long-term debt increased 0. 05 2 0. 10 Sub-total for weaknesses 1. 00 0. 68 Total 1. 00 3. 4 Based on the IFE evaluation shows that score for Strengths versus score for Weaknesses. Total weighted scores for Hershey is 3. 04 considered as higher up average which is indicates that the companys internal position is strong. Financial Ratio Analysis (2008) festering judge % (5-Year Annual Avg. ) ABC Company Sales 16. 22% sort out Income (5-Year Ann ual Avg. ) 45. 81% Dividends (5-Year Annual Avg. ) 41. 27% Profit Margins Gross Margin 34% Pre-Tax Margin 11% Net Profit Margin 6% 5Yr Net Profit Margin (5-Year Avg. ) 8. 97% Financial Condition Debt/Equity Ratio 10. 42 modern Ratio 1. 06 Quick Ratio 0. 59 investment consequences % Return On Equity 98% Return On Assets 9% Return On Equity (5-Year Avg. ) 62. 95% Return On Assets (5-Year Avg. ) 10. 72% solicitude Efficiency Income/Employee 24. 33 Revenue/Employee 400. 99 Inventory Turnover 8. 66 Asset Turnover 1. 41 NET WORTH ANALYSIS OF AVP (2008 IN MILLION) Growth proportions Growth rate = (current year tight year) / nates year * 100 Percentage 2009 Growth rate in sales 3. 23 2008 3. 76 2007 0. 5 2008 Growth rate in net income 45. 41 Stockholders Equity + Goodwill $ 872,876 Net Income * 5 $ 1,557,025 Share price * Net Income 34. 74 * 311,405 = 10,818,210 Number of Shares Outstanding * Share Price 227,035 * 34. 74 = 7,887,196 M ethod Average 5,283,826. 70 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS The financial analysis for Hershey will be provided giving by liquidity proportions, leverage ratios, activity ratios, and profitability ratios as following. PROFITABILITY RATIOS From an accounting standpoint, profitability is defined as business chance on in an activity.The measures used in this section detail how profitable the firms operations are and how well the firm generates a return on capital. The ratios for profitability analysis are return on assets, sales margin, return on impartiality, and the dividend overcompensateout ratio. Return on Assets Return on assets (ROA) measures a companys efficiency in generating profits from its available assets. This is calculate by dividing net income by total assets. An increasing ratio indicates higher efficiency. Hersheys ROA change from 5% in 2007 to 9% in 2008 indicating that Hershey became more in force(p) over the 2008 fiscal year.Return on Equity The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of how well a company is able to return a profit using the shareholders investment. It is reckon by dividing net income by the shareholders equity. A higher estimate indicates a fall apart return from shareholders investments. Hersheys return on equity improved from 36% in 2007 to 98% in 2008, indicating a higher efficiency and better return from shareholders investment. Improvements were famed amidst 2007 and 2008 for Hersheys ROA, ROE, Gross Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, Net Profit Margin and Earning Per Share were increased proportionally.LIQUIDITY RATIOS A companys liquidity can be described by how slowly a company can pay off short-term debts, in specific those due in the fiscal year. Current Ratio The current ratio mothers a strong measure of a companys liquidity. It compares the bills and cash equivalents plus any current assets that will be turned into cash within a year to current liabilities that must be paying(a) within the year. This ratio indicates how well a company can pay its current debts. It is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities. Hersheys current ratio improved from 0. 8 in 2007 to 1. 06 in 2008. Although this is an improvement, a ratio of 1 or better is desire in order to show the ability to pay of all current debts with current assets. Quick Ratio The quick ratio is similar to the current ratio. Instead of using all current assets, the quick ratio only uses cash, market securities, and accounts receivables to compare against current liabilities. This is done to further define the assets to those that can more quickly be turn into cash. Hersheys quick ratio improved from 0. 51 to 0. 59.Although an improvement can be seen, a more desirable ratio would be closer to 1 so that debts could be paid with current cash and cash equivalents. tout ensemble measures of liquidity showed improvements for Hershey between 2007 and 2008. This is largely due to Hersheys ability to generate a greate r amount of operational cash flows between the two years. The improvement in current ratio and quick ratio shows an improved ability to pay off short term debts with current assets, which is also indicative that future payments of the long term debt will be possible. ACTIVITY RATIOSActivity in a firm is typically categorized as creation of product and moving product out the door for sales. Activity measures focus on these actions and evaluate how a firm uses its assets to generate revenues. If a company is able to utilize its assets efficiently, fewer funds from financing are needed. The ratios analyze in this section are inventory employee turnover and asset turnover. Asset Turnover Asset turnover takes an overall focus on how the company uses all of its assets to generate revenues. A higher number is desired because it indicates that each dollar of asset is producing a greater amount of revenue.It is calculated by dividing the companys revenue by the total amount of assets for th e current year. Hersheys asset turnover ratio improved from 1. 16 in 2007 to 1. 41 in 2008. This shows that Hersheys was more efficient in using its assets between evaluation periods. Inventory Turnover Inventory turnover is a measure of how often within a year that inventory is sold and replaced. It is calculated by dividing cost of goods sold by inventory. A high ratio indicates efficiency and a high rate of sales. Hersheys inventory turnover slightly improved from 8. 24 in 2007 to 8. 6 in 2008. Improvements were seen in inventory and asset turnover ratios. Hersheys assets decreased in value while revenues increased, resulting in a more efficient use of assets. LEVERAGE RATIOS A companys leverage defines how a company handles its debt. Companies that have a high leverage can have difficulty paying back debts, securing new debts from creditors, and are usually higher risk. But, these companies can also attain tax advantages and gain large returns from investing. The ratios analyze d in this section include the debt ratio, debt to equity ratio and imes post earned ratio. Debt Ratio The debt ratio indicates how much debt a company has recounting to its assets. This ratio is calculated by dividing total liabilities by total assets. This ratio is one of the components typically used by investors to intend the risk level of a company. A lower number is favored because it shows the company has a large percentage of assets when compared to liabilities. Hersheys debt ratio increased and deteriorated from 0. 762 in 2005 to 0. 836 in 2006. This is due to a decrease in company assets while liabilities increased.The increase in liabilities can be noted most in the long-term liabilities. This adds risk to Hersheys from an investment standpoint. Debt to Equity Ratio The debt to equity ratio is a measure of what proportions of debt and equity are used in its financing. It is also a measure of a companys financial leverage. The ratio is calculated by dividing total liabi lities by stockholders equity. A lower number is favored because it indicates a higher amount of shareholders equity when compared to liabilities. Hersheys debt to equity ratio increased and deteriorated from 6. 16 in 2007 to 10. 2 in 2008. This is largely a result in Hersheys large decrease in shareholders equity. Times Interest Earned Ratio The times interest earned ratio gives shows how well a company is able to pay its interest expenses with loot before taxes. The number represents how many times over the interest expense can be paid with the earnings before interest. A higher number is favored. The ratio is calculated by dividing earning before interest and taxes (EBIT) by net interest expense. The times interest earned ratio for Hersheys increase from 3. 87 in 2007 to 6. 03 in 2008.Hershey achieved many improvements in their financial ratios. Between 2005 and 2006, Hershey showed improvements in many areas. Their overall profitability improved. Liquidity also improved in all areas. This can be attributed to their ability to generate a greater amount of operational cash flows. Because of their increased liquidity, Hershey shows that they are in a better position to pay off their debts and is able to distribute their earnings to stockholders more readily. G. SPACE Matrix 2. 44, -1. 06 2. 44, -1. 06 6 5 4 3 2 1 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 CompetitiveIS ES CA FS Conservative Aggressive Defensive X 6 5 4 3 2 1 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 Competitive IS ES CA FS Conservative Aggressive Defensive X Financial Position (FP) Return on Investment ROE, ROA+4 Leverage+2 Earning Per Share+5 Inventory+3 Liquidity+4 Subtotal (FP) +18 Industry Position (IP) Growth potential+6 Extent leverage+5 Profit potent+5 Productivity+4 Subtotal (IP) +20 Competitive Position (CP) Market share -5 Product quality -1 Control over suppliers and distributers-2 Subtotal (CP) -8 Stability Position (SP) Barriers to entry into market-4Demand variabili ty-6 Competitive pressure-6 Subtotal (SP) -14 x-axis = -2. 66 + 5= 2. 44 y-axis = -4. 66+ 3. 6= -1. 06 Based on this formula, it shows that The Hershey company x-axis is 2. 44 and y-axis is -1. 06. Therefore firms directional transmitter is located in the lower-right or competitive quadrant of the SPACE Matrix. In other word, The company has competitive advantages in a growing industry, The Hershey should pursue competitive strategies which include backward, forward and horizontal integrating market penetration market development and product evelopment. H. Grand Strategy Matrix Quadrant IV business have a strong competitive position but are in a slow-growth industry. Hershey has the strength to launch diversified into more promising growth area such as India and China. The company also has characteristically high cash-flow levels and limited internal growth need as the result of 86% market share in America. I. Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix BCG is a private management consult ing firm base in Boston. The purpose of BCG Matrix is graphically shows the companys position in terms of relative market share and industry growth.Hershey is in the Star quadrant because Hershey is leading in terms of market share in America and the growth rate sale is higher than zero for several years. As the result, the Star quadrant indicates that Hershey has good long-run opportunities for growth and profitability. To maintain this position Hershey need a tangible investment especially in global market and to strengthen its dominant position. Strategies that is best for Hershey includes market penetration, market development, product development, and forward, backward and horizontal integration. J.The Internal-External (IE) Matrix The IFE Total charge Score Strong Average Weak 3. 0 to 4. 0 2. 0 to 2. 99 1. 0 to 1. 99 High IFE = 3. 04 IFE = 3. 04 I II 3 EFE = 3. 27 EFE = 3. 27 3. 0 to 3. 99 Medium IV V VI The EFE Total Weighted Score 2. 0 to 2. 99 Low VII VIII IX 1. 0 to 1. 99 signalize Grow and build Hold and maintain Harvest or diverstitureThe Internal External (IE) Matrix The IE matrix is based on two key dimensions such as the IFE total weighted score and the EFE total weighted score. The total weighted scores allow construction of the corporate-level IE Matrix. The result from IE Matrix states that Hershey Company is appropriate for division 1 or can be described as grow and build. The most appropriate strategies for this division can be intensive market penetration, market development, and product development or company can also consider intensive backward integration, forward integration and horizontal integration.Based on the interpretation, suggest two best alternatives that the company could pursuit, then perform QSPM matrix. K. QSPM Strategic Alternatives make out Internal Factors Weight Alternative 1 Global Expansion Alternative 2 recrudesce Organic Products Strengths AS TAS AS T AS 1. Distribute Hershey products via Godrejs distribution network in India 0. 06 4 0. 24 2 0. 18 2. Advertising expenses for promote iconic brands. 0. 09 4 0. 36 3 0. 27 3. Relies on special promotions 0. 07 3 0. 21 2 0. 14 4.The company has expanded its global presence. 0. 08 4 0. 32 2 0. 12 5. Hershey has special editions product that are themed with events. 0. 06 - - - - 6. The company portfolio of healthy snacks has expanded 0. 08 2 0. 16 4 0. 32 7. Acquiring non-chocolate and nutritional products 0. 09 2 0. 18 4 0. 36 8. Products are sold to more than 2 million retail outlets. 0. 07 - - - - 9. Hershey Centre of Health supported research on consumer preferences and process innovations. 0. 06 2 0. 12 3 0. 18 10. Operating profit Margin 14% (2008) 15% (2009) 0. 6 - - - - Weaknesses 1. Plans to close online gift business. 0. 06 3 0. 18 1 0. 06 2. The company projects a reduction of 1,500 positions. 0. 05 2 0. 10 1 0. 05 3. Plans to discontinue Cocao Reserve brand Starbucks chocolate partnership. 0. 06 3 0. 18 1 0. 06 4. Hersheys iconic brands are instantly recognized within the domestic market 0. 06 - - - - 5. The companys long-term debt increased 0. 05 - - - - SUBTOTAL 1. 00 2. 05 1. 74 Global Expansion Develop Organic Products Opportunities AS TAS AS TAS 1.Organic foods products are the fastest growing sectors. 0. 10 1 0. 10 4 0. 40 2. Seasonal sales account for 10% 0. 05 - - - - 3. Nestles image has suffered. 0. 04 3 0. 12 2 0. 08 4. Consumers are increasingly aware of the nutritional value. 0. 07 3 0. 21 4 0. 28 5. Confectionery products projected global market value of $107. 4 billion by 2010 0. 09 3 0. 27 2 0. 18 6. Chocolate currently accounts for 55. 8% of the markets overall global value. 0. 08 - - - - Threats 1. Mergers and acquisitions have influenced both the market share. 0. 01 4 0. 04 2 0. 02 2. Nestle expanded nutritional product. 0. 08 3 0. 24 4 0. 32 3. Nestle entered the organic product segment. 0. 08 3 0. 24 4 0. 32 4. Ca dbury manufactures a line of products with no artificial colors or flavorings 0. 07 1 0. 07 2 0. 14 5. Cadbury has a 71% market share in India, and 53% Australia. 0. 06 3 0. 18 2 0. 12 6. Mars Nutrition and Health Well being has developed low-fat and healthy snacks 0. 07 2 0. 14 3 0. 21 7. International wholesale sugar prices may reach 40 cent a pound 0. 06 - - - - 8.Cocoa future contract prices in 2008 ranged from $ 0. 86 to $1. 50 per pound 0. 05 - - - - SUBTOTAL 1. 57 2. 07 SUM TOTAL ATTRACTIVENESS SCORE 3. 66 3. 81 As the result of QSPM, we consider two alternative strategies As followinga) Global expansion b) Develop organic products The sum total attractive scores are 3. 66 and 3. 87. The analysis indicates that Hershey should develop organic products. L. Recommendations From the evaluations of the companys conditions, performance, and the analysis provided from SWOT matrix, IFE-EFE matrix, and Grand strategy matrix.We recommend three specific strategies as following 1) Expand to global market Hershey has recently market share 86% in America and it is well known in America as the chocolate maker since 1906. On the other hand, In the global market, Hershey is the third rang next to Nestle and Cadbery. Hershey needs to continue to focus on the global market. Hershey currently has a limited presence in many areas of the world. However, compare to the actual plan strategies of the company, they have begun to expand into new areas such as China and India. We are suggesting the new organization anatomical structure to Hershey Food Corporation.In this structure, we have suggested continental president, which will help to complete globally or to increase the market share globally because they will have the experience of the particular continents and they will work according to market conditions. The Hershey Company needs to go international advertisement to promote the product as well as they have to find out the new channels of distribution and adopt th e new channels to increase the sales. For the cost of expand to global market, the company must spend more in terms of marketing that amount is indicated in the projected income statement. ) Continue chocolate partnership with coffee store, and online gift business Hershey should continue to provide new chocolate flavored coffee product in supermarkets and coffee stores. This allows Hershey to market to new segment, more consumers , and participate in new trends. Besides, Hershey should continue online gift business to get the new channel to increase the sales as well as to provide the seasonal products and the gifts that could be personalized by the consumer. 3) Develop organic product People have become much more aware of the various factors that negatively affect their health.Chocolate and other candy are viewed as an unhealthy snack. Organic food products are one of the fastest growing sectors. Therefore, Hershey needs to continue to expand the market healthy products in order t o gain a greater market share. If Hershey continues to market the products they already have in categories and continues to develop new products that channelise the healthy to the public, then their revenues will increase throughout the years as the projected income statement as following. Projected financial statementsProjected The Hershey company Statements of Income In thousands of dollars except For the year ended December 31 2008 2009 2010 2011 Net Sales 5,132,768 5,298,668 5,671,009 6,238,110 Costs and Expenses Cost of sales 3,375,050 3,245,531 3,255,801 3,402,798 Selling, marketing and administrative 1,073,019 1,208,672 1,426,477 1,511,119 Business realignment and 94,801 82,875 83,433 90,080 impairment charges, net Total costs and expenses 4,542,870 4,537,078 4,765,711 5,003,997 Income before Interest and Income Taxes 589,898 761,590 905,298 1,234,113 Interest expenses, net 97,876 90,459 96,434 111,07 0 Income before Income Taxes 492,022 671,131 808,864 1,123,043 Provision for income taxes 180,617 235,137 299,065 393,065 Net Income 311,405 435,994 509,799 729,978 Projected The Hershey Companys proportionality Sheet all numbers in thousands) Period Ending 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total Asset 3,634,719 3,675,031 4,272,732 4,913,642 Short term debt 501,504 39,313 285,480 157,014 Long term debt 1,505,945 1,502,730 1,541,825 1,418,479 Stockholders Equity 318,199 760,339 937,601 1,021,985 M. Evaluation of the recommendations based on Islamic opinion Islamic perspective As we know, Hershey produces good quality of chocolate and Chocolate is made from plants, which means it contains many of the health benefits of drear chocolate.These benefits are from flavonoids , which act as antioxidants. Moreover, the other benefit that we are able to gain from chocolate such as Lower Blood Pressure, Lower Cholesterol, endorphin production and so on. All ah orders us to consume good topic and try to avoid the meal that it will damage our bodies. As Allah verbalise Messengers eat of the good things and do good surely i know what you do Chapter 23 , Verse 51 eat of the logical and good things with which allah has provided you and be thankful for the favors of allah if it is he you worship Chapter 16 , Verse 114 Moreover, Hershey produce halal product to consumer. The ingredients that are utilized to produce chocolate are not the ingredient that Allah forbidden as state in Quran. He has only forbidden you what dies of itself and blood and flesh of swine and that over which any other divulge than that of Allah has been invoked, but whoever is driven to necessity, not desiring nor exceeding the limit, then surely Allah is forgiving, merciful Chapter 16 , Verse one hundred fifteen Hershey also has policy to maintain and concern about environment. It was one of the companies who are in Worl d burnt umber Foundation which support environmental project. This project includes non-chemical pest management practice and encourage sustainable terra firma practice to support ecosystem in the region.Allah does not love people who harm environment as said in Quran ? Seek not mischief in the land, for Allah loves not those who do mischief. (Quran 2877) According to scientists and philosophers, man is considered as the major factor in disturbing the natural balance of the universe. Man interferes advisedly or unintentionally in the earths ecosystems by impairing its perfect order and precise sequence. However, it seems that man has cut off his nose to spite his face and he now is the victim. Grave dangers are anifested in pollution of the air, water, soil, outer(a) space and others, as well as the irrational exploitation of the environments resources, and inconsistent distribution of human settlements. All these factors have lead to different problems, all of which a re marked by a disturbance to the earths natural balance. If companies or industries exploit or use up natural materials and environment, all damage will run off back to them. As promised Quran. Mischief has appeared on the land and sea, because of (the need) that the hands of man have earned, that (Allah) may give them a taste of some of their deeds in order that they may turn back (from evil). (Quran 3041) REFFERENCES About Hershey. Retrieved on 02/02/12. From http//www. thehersheycompany. com/about-hershey. aspx Chocolate is good for you. Chocolate Trading Co. July 13th, 2005 November 1st, 2007. Financial Report. Retrieved on 02/02/12. From http//www. thehersheycompany. com/ investors/financial-reports. aspx. Fred R. David, Strategic Management Concept and Cases, Hershey Company2009 13th Edn.Page 111-119. Pearson Education, 2011 Halal and Haram Foods according to Quran. Retrieved on 02/02/12. From http//www. parsquran. com/eng/subject/halal. htm Karem S. Ghoneim (Prof. ), Quran Recitations The Quran and the environment . Retrieved on 02/02/12. From http//www. whyquran. com/877/content/blogsection/0/98/9/18/ Mark Stibich, Health Benefits ofChocolate. Retrieved on 02/02/12. From http//longevity. about. com/od/lifelongnutrition/p/chocolate. htm Organizations key Competitors. Retrieved on 02/02/12. From www. foodproductiondaily-usa. com